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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N04BC07 DACEPTON G Apomorphine HCl - 30mg/3ml 30mg/3ml Injectable solution 13,404,432 L.L
N06AX16 DEPREVIX HELLAS G Venlafaxine - 75mg 75mg Capsule, prolonged release 564,414 L.L
R03AK07 BUFOMIX EASYHALER G Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/inhalation Metered dose inhaler 2,365,163 L.L
S01AA09 TETRACYCLINE EYE OINTMENT G Tetracycline HCl - 1% 1% Ointment 71,672 L.L
A02BC02 PANTOMAX G Pantoprazole (sodium sesquihydrate) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, enteric coated 837,214 L.L
A07XA04 RACECADOTRIL BGR G Racecadotril - 100mg 100mg Capsule 575,165 L.L
B05CX01 DEXTROSE 7.5% INJECTION USP G Glucose - 7.5% 7.5% Injectable solution 179,456 L.L
C05AE03 DILTIGEL G Diltiazem HCl - 2% 2% Gel 632,950 L.L
C10AA07 ROVASTIN G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 618,168 L.L
D10AD51 MEDCLINIDERM-T G Tretinoin - 0.025%, Clindamycin (phosphate) - 1% Gel 801,186 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUZIME G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 147,823 L.L
J01MA12 OXALEV G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 565,758 L.L
L01EX01 SOVIDEX G Sunitinib maleate - 25mg 25mg Capsule 64,804,314 L.L
M01AH01 CELECOXIB BIOGARAN G Celecoxib - 200mg 200mg Capsule 638,325 L.L
N02BE01 PARACETAMOL G Paracetamol - 500mg 500mg Tablet 3,161,230 L.L
N04BC07 DACEPTON G Apomorphine HCl Hemihydrate - 100mg/20ml 100mg/20ml Injectable solution 12,678,532 L.L
N06AX16 DEPREVIX HELLAS G Venlafaxine - 75mg 75mg Capsule, prolonged release 564,414 L.L
R03AK07 BUFOMIX EASYHALER G Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/inhalation Metered dose inhaler 1,182,581 L.L
S01AA12 TOBRACIN G Tobramycin - 0.3% 0.3% Drops 322,522 L.L
A02BC02 RAZON 20 G Pantoprazole (sodium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, enteric coated 747,176 L.L
A07XA04 RACECADOTRIL BIOGARAN CONSEIL G Racecadotril - 100mg 100mg Capsule 287,582 L.L
B05CX01 DEXTROSE 7.5% INJECTION USP G Glucose - 7.5% 7.5% Injectable solution 163,184 L.L
C05AX HEMOCARE G Bismuth subgallate - 100mg, Zinc oxide - 100mg, Lidocaine - 60mg Suppository 588,731 L.L
C10AA07 ROXARDIO G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 720,525 L.L
D10AD51 CLINIDERM T G Tretinoin - 0.05%, Clindamycin (phosphate) - 1% Gel 890,776 L.L
J01DC02 MAXIL 750 G Cefuroxime - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 159,917 L.L
J01MA12 TAVAQUIN 500MG G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 787,492 L.L
M01AH01 JOSWE FLAMEX 200 G Celecoxib - 200mg 200mg Capsule 225,766 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE ARROW GENERIQUES LP G Venlafaxine - 75mg 75mg Tablet, prolonged release 1,075,074 L.L
S01AA12 TOBRASTILL G Tobramycin - 0.3% 0.3% Drops solution 258,018 L.L
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