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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A06AD65 MOVICOL PEDIATRIC PLAIN B Potassium chloride - 23.3mg, Sodium chloride - 175.4mg, Sodium bicarbonate - 89.3mg, Macrogol 3350 - 6.563g Powder for solution 624,887 L.L
C09BB04 COVERAM B Perindopril arginine - 10mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 1,116,733 L.L
R01AB08 RINOFLUIMUCIL B Acetylcysteine - 1%, Tuaminoheptane sulfate - 0.5%, Benzalkonium chloride - 0.0125% Solution 419,279 L.L
R06AE55 VOMINORE-JPM G Meclozine HCl - 25mg, Pyridoxine HCl - 50mg Tablet 259,362 L.L
A02AF02 ACTONORM B Aluminium hydroxide - 220mg/5ml, Magnesium hydroxide - 200mg/5ml, Simethicone - 25mg/5ml Suspension 425,998 L.L
A06AG11 MINILAX G Sodium citrate (dihydrate) - 900mg/10ml, Sodium lauryl sulfate - 150mg/10ml, Glycerol - 1200mg/10ml, Sorbic acid - 10mg/10ml, Sorbitol - 9.96mg/10ml Solution 474,824 L.L
C09BB04 PRESORYL PLUS G Perindopril arginine - 10mg, Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg Tablet 770,022 L.L
R06AX CLARINASE B Loratadine - 5mg, Pseudoephedrine sulfate - 120mg Tablet, repetab 446,156 L.L
A02AF02 MAALOX PLUS B Simethicone - 25mg/5ml, Aluminium hydroxide - 175mg/5ml, Magnesium hydroxide - 200mg/5ml Suspension 438,093 L.L
A06AX01 SUPPOSITOIRE GLYCERINE ENFANT G Glycerol Stearate USP - Suppository 179,179 L.L
C09BB04 COVERAM B Perindopril arginine - 10mg, Amlodipine - 10mg Tablet 1,116,733 L.L
R06AX DELINE CORT G Desloratadine - 5mg/5ml, Betamethasone - 0.25mg/5ml Syrup 693,679 L.L
A06AX01 SUPPOSITOIRE GLYCERINE ENFANT G Glycerol Stearate USP - Suppository 179,179 L.L
C09BB04 PRESORYL PLUS G Perindopril arginine - 10mg, Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg Tablet 770,022 L.L
J01CR02 BETAMOX ES G Amoxicillin - 600mg/5ml, Clavulanic Acid - 42.9mg/5ml Powder for suspension 592,635 L.L
R06AX DESLAMED FORTE G Desloratadine - 1mg/ml, Betamethasone - 0.05mg/ml Syrup 1,009,802 L.L
A06AX01 SUPPOSITOIRE GLYCERINE ADULTE G Glycerol Stearate USP - Suppository 179,179 L.L
C09BB06 ENEAS G Enalapril maleate - 10mg, Nitrendipine - 20mg Tablet 2,009,045 L.L
R06AX DESLAMED FORTE G Desloratadine - 1mg/ml, Betamethasone - 0.05mg/ml Syrup 673,201 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 2.5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
R06AX DESLOCORT G Desloratadine - 1mg/ml, Betamethasone - 0.05mg/ml Syrup 1,009,802 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
R06AX DESLOCORT G Desloratadine - 1mg/ml, Betamethasone - 0.05mg/ml Syrup 673,201 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 10mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
R06AX FRENALER CORT G Desloratadine - 1mg/ml, Betamethasone - 0.05mg/ml Syrup 741,801 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 10mg, Amlodipine - 10mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
N02AA59 DOLOSPASMINE COMP B Codeine phosphate - 40 mg, Hexahydro-adipenine HCl - 50 mg, Propyphenazone - 500 mg Suppository 267,489 L.L
R06AX ORADUS BETA G Desloratadine - 1mg/ml, Betamethasone - 0.05mg/ml Solution 639,925 L.L
C09BX01 TRIPLIXAM B Perindopril arginine - 5mg, Indapamide - 1.25mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet, film coated 968,910 L.L
R06AX FRENALER CORT G Desloratadine - 5mg, Betamethasone - 0.6mg Tablet, film coated 632,950 L.L
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