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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A06AD11 DULACTA G Lactulose - 3.335g/5ml 3.335g/5ml Solution 566,974 L.L
B01AF01 ZARLAN G Rivaroxaban - 15mg 15mg Tablet, film coated 1,343,843 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
C02KX01 BOSENTAN ARROW G Bosentan (monohydrate) - 125mg 125mg Tablet, film coated 49,522,064 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 2.5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
C10AA05 ATORLIP 20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,279,850 L.L
D07AD01 DERMASONE G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 119,026 L.L
J01CR02 MEGAMOX-JPI G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 338,648 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROMID G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 331,929 L.L
L01EF01 PALBOMED G Palbociclib - 125mg 125mg Capsule 25,799,521 L.L
L03AX03 SII-ONCO-BCG G Bacillus Calmette- Guerin Strain - 40mg/ml (1-8x10?CFU) 40mg/ml Injectable dry powder 6,987,981 L.L
N06AB10 PRAMACYT 10 G Escitalopram (oxalate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 767,910 L.L
R03AC02 BUTALIN G Salbutamol (sulfate) - 2mg/5ml 2mg/5ml Syrup, sugar free 122,290 L.L
R06AX27 ESLORAT G Desloratadine - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 331,929 L.L
A10BD20 EMPAZIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,840,168 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 252,820 L.L
C02KX01 PMS-BOSENTAN G Bosentan (monohydrate) - 125mg 125mg Tablet 77,539,821 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVA TAD G Atorvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,087,169 L.L
G04BE08 APO-TADALAFIL G Tadalafil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,111,358 L.L
J01CR02 MOXICLAV G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 349,399 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROPHARM G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film-scored 354,774 L.L
L01EF01 PALBRANCE 125 G Palbociclib - 125mg 125mg Capsule 69,032,469 L.L
L03AX13 GLITAXON G Glatiramer acetate - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 10,146,988 L.L
M01AE03 KETOPROFENE MACOPHARMA G Ketoprofen - 100mg/100ml 100mg/100ml Injectable solution 329,241 L.L
N06AB10 PRYLEX 10 G Escitalopram (oxalate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 767,910 L.L
R03AC02 ASTHALIN G Salbutamol (sulfate) - 2.5mg/2.5ml 2.5mg/2.5ml Inhalation solution 325,210 L.L
R06AX27 ORADUS G Desloratadine - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 383,955 L.L
A01AB09 MICONAZ G Miconazole nitrate - 20mg/g 20mg/g Gel 229,093 L.L
A06AD61 SOFLAX G Lactose - less than 6g/100ml, Galactose - less than 11g/100ml, Lactulose - 67g/100ml Solution 258,018 L.L
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