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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
R03BA02 AERONIDE G Budesonide - 400mcg 400mcg Capsule, inhalation 2,116,552 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Capsule, prolonged release L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 3mg 3mg Capsule, prolonged release L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 3mg 3mg Capsule, prolonged release 68,645,618 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Capsule, prolonged release 25,729,044 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 5mg 5mg Capsule, prolonged release 85,485,667 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule, prolonged release 13,297,758 L.L
B01AB11 ANGIOFLUX G Sulodexide - 250LRU 250LRU Capsule, soft 2,026,514 L.L
D10BA01 A-CNOTREN G Isotretinoin - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft gelatin 1,526,524 L.L
D07AC14 ADVANTAN B Methylprednisolone aceponate - 1mg/g 1mg/g Cream 385,683 L.L
D07XC04 AZONIT - D G Diflucortolone valerate - 1mg/g, Isoconazole nitrate - 10mg/g Cream 225,766 L.L
D10AD01 A-RET G Tretinoin - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 335,961 L.L
D10AD01 AVOTIN-A G Tretinoin - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 440,780 L.L
C05A ANTROLIN B Nifedipine - 0.3%, Lidocaine - 1.5% Cream 1,333,092 L.L
D10AD06 AKLIEF B Trifarotene - 50mcg/g 50mcg/g Cream 4,359,425 L.L
D11AX11 AVOQUIN G Hydroquinone - 4% 4% Cream 916,501 L.L
M02AA AIRTAL DIFUCREM 1.5% B Aceclofenac - 1.5g/100g 1.5% Cream 536,193 L.L
M02AX10 ALGESAL SURACTIVE B Salycilic acid - 6.54g/100g, Diethylamine - 3.46g/100g, Myrtecaine - 1g/100g Cream 1,006,538 L.L
D06AX01 ACIDE FUSIDIQUE BGR G Fusidic acid - 2% 2% Cream 202,920 L.L
D06BB10 ALDARA B Imiquimod - 5% 5% Cream 6,301,277 L.L
D06BB53 ACTI-VIR H G Aciclovir - 5%, Hydrocortisone acetate - 1% Cream 833,182 L.L
S03AA07 API-CIPROCIN G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 3mg/ml 3mg/ml Drops 530,818 L.L
S01AE07 AROX G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 0.5% 0.5% Drops 423,310 L.L
S01EE01 API-LOPROST G Latanoprost - 0.005% 0.005% Drops 447,500 L.L
S01GA04 ALERJON G Oxymetazoline HCl - Drops solution 528,130 L.L
S01GX07 ALLERGODIL B Azelastine HCl - 0.5mg/ml 0.5mg/ml Drops solution 709,549 L.L
S01HA02 ANESTOCIL B Oxybuprocaine HCl (Benoxinate HCl) - 0.4% 0.4% Drops solution 442,124 L.L
S01AA26 AZYTER G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 15mg/g 15mg/g Drops solution 412,560 L.L
S01EA05 ALPHAGAN P B Brimonidine tartrate - 1.5mg/ml 0.15% Drops solution 999,819 L.L
S01EA05 ALPHAGAN P B Brimonidine tartrate - 1.5mg/ml 0.15% Drops solution 999,819 L.L
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