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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B02BX06 HEMLIBRA BioTech Emicizumab - 105mg/0.7ml 105mg/0.7ml Injectable solution 577,741,643 L.L
L04AA33 ENTYVIO BioTech Vedolizumab - 108mg 108mg Injectable solution 88,955,869 L.L
L01FF01 OPDIVO BioTech Nivolumab - 40mg/4ml 40mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
L04AA36 OCREVUS BioTech Ocrelizumab - 300mg/10ml 300mg/10ml Injectable concentrate for solution 547,517,314 L.L
L01FG02 CYRAMZA BioTech Ramucirumab - 500mg/50ml 500mg/50ml Injectable solution L.L
A10AB01 ACTRAPID BioTech Insulin (human) - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 752,552 L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution L.L
A10AB01 ACTRAPID BioTech Insulin (human) - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 752,552 L.L
B02BD02 XYNTHA BioTech Moroctocog alfa - 500IU 500IU Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent L.L
A10AB01 HUMULIN R U-100 BioTech Insulin (human) - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 701,486 L.L
A10AB01 JUSLINE R BioTech Insulin (human) - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 401,809 L.L
L01FA01 MABIXEN 100 BioTech Rituximab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrate for solution 22,183,393 L.L
L01FC01 DARZALEX BioTech Daratumumab - 400mg/20ml 400mg/20ml Injectable concentrate for solution L.L
A10AB04 HUMALOG KWIKPEN BioTech Insulin lispro - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 3,950,897 L.L
L01FA01 MABIXEN 100 BioTech Rituximab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrate for solution 11,091,696 L.L
L04AA52 KESIMPTA BioTech Ofatumumab - 20mg/0.4ml 20mg/0.4ml Injectable solution 96,542,598 L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable solution 637,365 L.L
L01FA01 MABTHERA BioTech Rituximab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrated solution 35,722,424 L.L
L04AB01 ALTEBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg/1ml 50mg/1ml Injectable solution 14,833,767 L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable solution 2,126,343 L.L
L01FA01 RITUXIREL BioTech Rituximab - 100mg 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrated solution 11,708,063 L.L
L04AB01 ENBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg 50mg Injectable solution 52,197,598 L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable solution 883,480 L.L
L01FA01 RIXATHON BioTech Rituximab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrate for solution 27,354,833 L.L
L04AB01 ENBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg 50mg Injectable solution 52,197,598 L.L
A10AB04 HUMALOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable suspension 1,988,887 L.L
L01FA01 RUXIENCE BioTech Rituximab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrate for solution 13,157,756 L.L
L04AB01 ERELZI BioTech Etanercept - 50mg 50mg Injectable solution 56,780,638 L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable suspension 1,503,312 L.L
L01FA01 TRUXIMA BioTech Rituximab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable concentrate for solution 31,060,158 L.L
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