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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A06AD11 DULACTA G Lactulose - 3.335g/5ml 3.335g/5ml Solution 566,974 L.L
B01AF01 ZARLAN G Rivaroxaban - 15mg 15mg Tablet, film coated 1,343,843 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
C02KX01 BOSENTAN ARROW G Bosentan (monohydrate) - 125mg 125mg Tablet, film coated 49,522,064 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 2.5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
C10AA05 ATORLIP 20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,279,850 L.L
D07AD01 DERMASONE G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 119,026 L.L
J01CR02 MEGAMOX-JPI G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 338,648 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROMID G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 331,929 L.L
L01EF01 PALBOMED G Palbociclib - 125mg 125mg Capsule 25,799,521 L.L
L03AX03 SII-ONCO-BCG G Bacillus Calmette- Guerin Strain - 40mg/ml (1-8x10?CFU) 40mg/ml Injectable dry powder 6,987,981 L.L
N06AB10 PRAMACYT 10 G Escitalopram (oxalate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 767,910 L.L
R03AC02 BUTALIN G Salbutamol (sulfate) - 2mg/5ml 2mg/5ml Syrup, sugar free 122,290 L.L
R06AX27 ESLORAT G Desloratadine - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 331,929 L.L
A10BD20 EMPAZIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,840,168 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 252,820 L.L
C02KX01 PMS-BOSENTAN G Bosentan (monohydrate) - 125mg 125mg Tablet 77,539,821 L.L
C09BB07 RAMIPRIL/AMLODIPINE GENERICON G Ramipril - 5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,358,625 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVA TAD G Atorvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,087,169 L.L
G04BE08 APO-TADALAFIL G Tadalafil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,111,358 L.L
J01CR02 MOXICLAV G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 349,399 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROPHARM G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film-scored 354,774 L.L
L01EF01 PALBRANCE 125 G Palbociclib - 125mg 125mg Capsule 69,032,469 L.L
L03AX13 GLITAXON G Glatiramer acetate - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 10,146,988 L.L
M01AE03 KETOPROFENE MACOPHARMA G Ketoprofen - 100mg/100ml 100mg/100ml Injectable solution 329,241 L.L
N06AB10 PRYLEX 10 G Escitalopram (oxalate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 767,910 L.L
R03AC02 ASTHALIN G Salbutamol (sulfate) - 2.5mg/2.5ml 2.5mg/2.5ml Inhalation solution 325,210 L.L
R06AX27 ORADUS G Desloratadine - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 383,955 L.L
A01AB09 MICONAZ G Miconazole nitrate - 20mg/g 20mg/g Gel 229,093 L.L
A06AD61 SOFLAX G Lactose - less than 6g/100ml, Galactose - less than 11g/100ml, Lactulose - 67g/100ml Solution 258,018 L.L
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