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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
J02AX04 CASPOFUNGINE STRAGEN G Caspofungin (acetate) - 50mg 50mg Injectable concentrated powder for solution 18,712,833 L.L
N03AG01 CONVULEX G Sodium Valproate - 50mg/ml 50mg/ml Syrup 213,671 L.L
B05XA07 CALCIUM CHLORIDE G Calcium chloride - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 5,436,771 L.L
M04AC01 COLCHICINE BENTA G Colchicine - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 332,761 L.L
M04AC01 COLCHICINE SEID G Colchicine - 1mg 1mg Tablet 382,995 L.L
N03AG01 CONVULEX G Sodium Valproate - 300mg/ml 300mg/ml Solution 1,018,633 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE C G Potassium chloride - 2.611g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.33g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 8.99g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 190.505g/l, Sodium chloride - 204.54g/l Injectable solution L.L
J05AB01 CYCLOVEX G Aciclovir - 200mg 200mg Tablet, scored 1,164,664 L.L
S02AA15 CETRAXAL OTICO G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 3mg/ml 3mg/ml Drops 821,088 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE D G Potassium chloride - 5.215g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 8.99g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 166.7g/l, Sodium chloride - 214.76g/l Injectable solution L.L
J01DE01 CEFIPEX 500 BENTA G Cefepime (hydrochloride) - 500mg 500mg Injectable solution 545,216 L.L
J05AB01 CYCLOVEX G Aciclovir - 400mg 400mg Tablet, scored 2,687,685 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE E G Potassium chloride - 2.611g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 7.00g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 190.505g/l, Sodium chloride - 205.49g/l Injectable solution L.L
J01DE01 CEFEPIME LDP LABORATORIOS TORLAN G Cefepime - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 5,933,065 L.L
N03AG01 CONVULEX RETARD G Sodium Valproate - 500mg 500mg Tablet, prolonged release 423,310 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE F G Potassium chloride - 3.914g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 3.558g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 7.719g/l, Acetic acid 100% - 6.010ml/l, Sodium chloride - 208.631g/l Injectable solution L.L
J01DE01 CEFEPIME PANPHARMA G Cefepime - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 5,933,065 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE SG G Potassium chloride - 3.92g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 8.99g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 166.7g/l, Sodium chloride - 214.76g/l Injectable solution L.L
J01DE01 CEFIPEX 1000 BENTA G Cefepime - 1,000mg 1,000mg Injectable dry powder+diluent 703,918 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS L G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:106.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:135 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
J01DE01 CEFIPEX 1000 BENTA G Cefepime (hydrochloride) - 1,000mg 1,000mg Injectable solution 703,918 L.L
N03AG01 CONVULEX G Sodium valproate - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Injectable solution 4,441,399 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LM G Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
N07CA02 CINARIN G Cinnarizine - 75mg 75mg Capsule 490,183 L.L
S02CA05 CETRAXAL PLUS G Ciprofloxacine HCl monohydrate - 3mg/ml, Fluocinolone acetonide - 0.25mg/ml Drops solution 795,555 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
C09DB07 CANDAM G Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,376,095 L.L
N07CA02 CINNARIZINE G Cinnarizine - 75mg 75mg Capsule 386,515 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS2 G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.5 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
C09DB07 CORONOPINE G Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,368,032 L.L
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