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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
S01ED51 XALACOM B Timolol (maleate) - 6.8mg/ml, Latanoprost - 50?g/ml Drops solution 510,660 L.L
B03AC FERINJECT B Iron trivalent (ferric carboxymaltose) - 500mg/10ml 500mg/10ml Injectable solution 10,212,033 L.L
C09DA01 HYZAAR B Losartan potassium - 50mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,523,022 L.L
C10AA08 LIVAZO B Pitavastatin - 4mg 4mg Tablet, film coated 1,835,305 L.L
J01XX01 MONUROL B Fosfomycine (trométamol) - 3g 3g Granules for solution 571,133 L.L
S01ED51 COMBIGAN 2mg/ml 5mg/ml B Timolol - 5mg/ml, Brimonidine tartrate - 2mg/ml Drops solution 1,181,238 L.L
N02BE51 PANADOL EXTRA WITH OPTIZORB B Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 65mg Tablet, film coated 524,099 L.L
S01ED51 COMBIGAN 2mg/ml 5mg/ml B Timolol - 5mg/ml, Brimonidine tartrate - 2mg/ml Drops solution 1,181,238 L.L
B03AD MALTOFER FOL B Folic acid - 0.35mg, Iron trivalent (hydroxide polymaltose) - 100mg Tablet, chewable 854,684 L.L
C10AB04 LOPID B Gemfibrozil - 600mg 600mg Tablet, film coated 498,566 L.L
L01BB06 EVOLTRA B Clofarabine - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable concentrate for solution 91,416,937 L.L
N02BE51 PANADOL EXTRA WITH OPTIZORB B Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 65mg Tablet, film coated 252,642 L.L
S01ED51 GANFORT B Timolol maleate - 5mg/ml, Bimatoprost - 300mcg/ml Drops solution 950,097 L.L
A02BC05 NEXIUM B Esomeprazole (magnesium trihydrate) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, gastroresistant 1,005,194 L.L
C07AB02 BETALOC ZOK B Metoprolol succinate - 50mg 50mg Tablet, controlled release 491,846 L.L
J01XX08 ZYVOX IV B Linezolide - 600mg/300ml 600mg/300ml Injectable solution 4,414,523 L.L
S01ED51 GANFORT B Timolol maleate - 5mg/ml, Bimatoprost - 300mcg/ml Drops solution 950,097 L.L
A02BC05 NEXIUM B Esomeprazole (magnesium trihydrate) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, gastroresistant 1,005,194 L.L
R03DC03 SINGULAIR B Montelukast (sodium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,248,430 L.L
S01ED51 DUOTRAV B Timolol (maleate) - 5mg, Travoprost - 40mcg Drops solution 1,933,789 L.L
B03AD03 GYNO-TARDYFERON B Folic acid - 0.35mg, Ferrous (sulfate) - 80mg Tablet, sugar coated, slow release 682,672 L.L
C07AB02 BETALOC ZOK B Metoprolol succinate - 25mg 25mg Tablet, controlled release 219,046 L.L
C09DA01 HYZAAR B Losartan potassium - 100mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,740,596 L.L
C10AB05 LIPANTHYL B Fenofibrate - 160mg 160mg Tablet, film coated, modified release 1,110,271 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN B Ciclosporin - 50mg/ml 250mg/5ml Injectable concentrated solution 6,992,013 L.L
H01BA02 MINIRIN MELT B Desmopressin - 120mcg 120mcg Tablet, Oral lyophilisate 4,970,873 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL SOFT GELATIN B Ciclosporin - 50mg 50mg Capsule, soft gelatin 4,309,703 L.L
N02BE51 123 COMPLETE B Acetaminophen (day tablet, night tablet) - 500mg, Dextromethorphan HBr (day tablet, night tablet) - 5mg, Phenylephrine HCl (day tablet, night tablet) - 5mg, Carbinoxamine maleate (night tablet) - 3mg Tablet 537,537 L.L
B03AD04 MALTOFER B Iron trivalent (hydroxide polymaltose) - 10mg/ml 50mg/5ml Syrup 589,947 L.L
C07AB03 TENORMIN B Atenolol - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 393,746 L.L
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