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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
H01CB02 SANDOSTATIN LAR B Octreotide (acetate) - 20mg 20mg Injectable powder for suspension+diluent 36,504,302 L.L
N02BE51 SOLPADEINE B Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 30mg, Codeine - 8mg Tablet 319,835 L.L
H01CB02 SANDOSTATIN LAR B Octreotide (acetate) - 30mg 30mg Injectable powder for suspension+diluent 54,757,132 L.L
N02BE51 SOLPADEINE SOLUBLE B Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 30mg, Codeine - 8mg Tablet, effervescent 272,800 L.L
H01CB03 SOMATULINE AUTOGEL B Lanreotide (acetate) - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution 48,383,450 L.L
S01EC54 SIMBRINZA B Brinzolamide - 1%, Brimonidine tartrate - 0.2% Drops suspension 1,706,680 L.L
H01CB03 SOMATULINE AUTOGEL B Lanreotide (acetate) - 120mg 120mg Injectable solution 57,492,826 L.L
H01CB05 SIGNIFOR B Pasireotide (diaspartate) - 0.3mg/ml 0.3mg/ml Injectable solution 168,719,438 L.L
R03DC03 SINGULAIR (PEDIATRIC) B Montelukast (sodium) - 5mg 5mg Tablet, chewable 1,217,521 L.L
A03A SPASMOBROM B Pipethanate Ethobromide - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 705,517 L.L
H01CB05 SIGNIFOR B Pasireotide (diaspartate) - 0.6mg/ml 0.6mg/ml Injectable solution 180,355,261 L.L
H01CB05 SIGNIFOR B Pasireotide (diaspartate) - 0.9mg/ml 0.9mg/ml Injectable solution 183,846,008 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN B Ciclosporin - 50mg/ml 250mg/5ml Injectable concentrated solution 6,992,013 L.L
A03AB06 SPASMOMEN B Otilonium bromide - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 438,093 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX 100 B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Powder for suspension 581,884 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL SOFT GELATIN B Ciclosporin - 50mg 50mg Capsule, soft gelatin 4,309,703 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX 100 B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Powder for suspension 581,884 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL SOFT GELATIN B Ciclosporin - 25mg 25mg Capsule, soft gelatin 2,385,320 L.L
R03DC03 SINGULAIR B Montelukast (sodium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,248,430 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL SOFT GELATIN B Ciclosporin - 100mg 100mg Capsule, soft gelatin 8,264,592 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL B Ciclosporin - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Solution 8,264,592 L.L
A03AX SPASMO-DIGESTIN B Simethicone - 30mg, Dicyclomine HCl - 5mg, Sodium dihydrocholate - 10mg, Sanzyme 3500 - 36mg, Papain - 100mg Tablet, enteric coated 260,705 L.L
A03AX12 SPASFON B Phloroglucinol hydrate - 80mg, Trimethylphloroglucinol - 80mg Tablet, coated 278,175 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX 100 B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Powder for suspension 1,166,455 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX 100 B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Powder for suspension 1,166,455 L.L
R03DC03 SINGULAIR PEDIATRIC B Montelukast (sodium) - 4mg 4mg Tablet, chewable 1,217,521 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 200mg 200mg Capsule 1,067,011 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 200mg 200mg Capsule 1,067,011 L.L
H02AB04 SOLU MEDROL Act-O-Vial B Methylprednisolone sodium succinate - 40mg 40mg Injectable powder for solution+diluent 313,115 L.L
N05AL05 SOLIAN B Amisulpride - 100mg 100mg Tablet, scored 1,048,197 L.L
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