Leishmaniasis

Generalities
Agent	- Protozoa: Leishmamia - Cutaneous/mucosal form: Leishamania tropica, L, major, L. aethiopica, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana, L. infantum/chagazi, L. donovani - Visceral form: Leishamania donovani, L. infantum and L. infantum/chagazi
Incubation period	1 week to several months
Period of transmissibility	- Rare person-to-person transmission: via transfusion - Human is infectious to sandfly as long as parasites remain in lesion (cutaneous) or in blood (visceral)
Reservoir	Humans, wild rodents, hyraxes, edentates, marsupials, domestic/wild dogs and canidae
Modes of transmission	- Bite of infective female phelbotomines (sandflies). Female sandflies become infected by feeding from reservoir hosts: animals (zoonotic cycle), or humans (anthroponotic cycle). - The sandflies are from genus phlebotomus in the Old World, and genus Lutzoma in the New World.
Clinical presentation	- Intracellular parasite - Cutaneous/mucosal form: single or multiple macule skin lesion(s) that evolve to papule(s) that enlarge and become indolent ulcer(s). Involvement of the mucosa of the nasopharynx is characterized by progressive tissue destruction. - Visceral form: chronic systematic disease characterized by fever, hepato-splenomegaly, lympho-anedopathy, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. Fatal if untreated.
Resources
Case definition	- MOPH circular no. 34 (2013): Cutaneous/mucocal form - MOPH circular no. 122 (2006): Visceral form
Forms	- General reporting form - Leishmaniasis investigation form
Data	Refer to "Surveillance Data" section