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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients ↑ Dosage Form Price
D03AX RENEBO G ?-sitosterol - 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w Ointment 456,906 L.L
R01AB08 RINOFLUIMUCIL B Acetylcysteine - 1%, Tuaminoheptane sulfate - 0.5%, Benzalkonium chloride - 0.0125% Solution 419,279 L.L
C05CX REPARIL B Aescine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, sugar coated 510,660 L.L
A11GA01 REDOXON EFF.ORANGE B Ascorbic acid (vit C) - 1g 1g Tablet, effervescent 366,869 L.L
L01AA09 RIBOMUSTIN B Bendamustine HCl - 100mg 100mg Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 31,939,807 L.L
L01AA09 RIBOMUSTIN B Bendamustine HCl - 100mg 100mg Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 31,939,807 L.L
N05AX16 REXULTI B Brexpiprazole - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 13,433,051 L.L
N05AX16 REXULTI B Brexpiprazole - 2mg 2mg Tablet, film coated 13,433,051 L.L
N05AX16 REXULTI B Brexpiprazole - 3mg 3mg Tablet, film coated 13,433,051 L.L
N05AX16 REXULTI B Brexpiprazole - 4mg 4mg Tablet, film coated 13,433,051 L.L
R05DB13 RAPICOD G Butamirate citrate - 0.15% 0.15% Syrup 296,989 L.L
A03CB01 RESTROPINAL PEDIATRIC B Butobarbital - 2mg/ml, Methyl hyoscine nitrate - 0.1mg/ml Drops 197,097 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 199,957 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 129,934 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 224,565 L.L
B05BB01 R-SOL G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 189,615 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 204,554 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 154,450 L.L
V03AE01 RESINCALCIO G Calcium Polystyrene Sulphonate - 99.75g/100g 99.75% w/w Powder for suspension 1,673,084 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine - 6mg 6mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine HCl - 1.5mg 1.5mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine HCl - 3mg 3mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine HCl - 4.5mg 4.5mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
J01DB05 ROXIL G Cefadroxil (monohydrate) - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Powder for suspension 459,594 L.L
J01DB05 ROXIL G Cefadroxil (monohydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 869,466 L.L
J01DD04 ROCEPHIN IV B Ceftriaxone (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 757,927 L.L
J01DD04 ROCEPHIN IM B Ceftriaxone (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 731,050 L.L
J01DD04 ROCICARE G Ceftriaxone - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 9,382,061 L.L
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