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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L01XA02 CARBOPLATINE VIATRIS 10MG/ML G Carboplatin - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Injectable solution 906,050 L.L
J01DD13 CEFODOX G Cefpodoxime (proxetil) - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Powder for suspension 604,729 L.L
L01XA01 CIPINTU G Cisplatin - 50mg/50ml 50mg/50ml Injectable concentrated solution 1,206,771 L.L
L01XA01 CISPLATINE VIATRIS 1MG/ML G Cisplatin - 50mg/50ml 50mg/50ml Injectable concentrated solution 1,134,720 L.L
C09CA01 COZAAR B Losartan potassium - 50mg 50mg Tablet 1,420,634 L.L
N05AA01 CHLORPROMAZINE G Chlorpromazine HCl - 50mg 50mg Tablet 332,761 L.L
J02AX04 CANCIDAS B Caspofungin (acetate) - 50mg 50mg Injectable concentrated powder for solution 25,799,521 L.L
J02AX04 CANDIGARD G Caspofungin (acetate) - 50mg 50mg Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 22,127,179 L.L
J02AX04 CASPOFUNGINE STRAGEN G Caspofungin (acetate) - 50mg 50mg Injectable concentrated powder for solution 18,712,833 L.L
M01AB05 CATAFLAM B Diclofenac potassium - 50mg 50mg Tablet, sugar coated 262,049 L.L
L02BB03 CASODEX B Bicalutamide - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 3,777,541 L.L
C09AA01 CAPTACE G Captopril - 50mg 50mg Tablet, scored 652,724 L.L
G03GB02 CLOMID B Clomifene citrate - 50mg 50mg Tablet 274,144 L.L
G03GB02 CLOMIFERT G Clomifene citrate - 50mg 50mg Tablet 395,090 L.L
G03GB02 CLOMIFERT G Clomifene citrate - 50mg 50mg Tablet 395,090 L.L
L01FG02 CYRAMZA BioTech Ramucirumab - 500mg/50ml 500mg/50ml Injectable solution L.L
L01FG02 CYRAMZA BioTech Ramucirumab - 500mg/50ml 500mg/50ml Injectable solution 218,656,548 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROMID G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 331,929 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROPHARM G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film-scored 354,774 L.L
L04AA06 CELLCEPT B Mycophenolate mofetil - 500mg 500mg Tablet 6,083,575 L.L
J01DB05 CEFADRIL G Cefadroxil (monohydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 450,187 L.L
J01DC02 CEFORA G Cefuroxime (axetil) - 500mg 500mg Tablet 703,918 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUREX G Cefuroxime - 500mg 500mg Tablet 490,503 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUZIME G Cefuroxime (axetil) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 490,503 L.L
J01DC04 CECLOR MR B Cefaclor (monohydrate) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated, modified release 1,226,096 L.L
L01BC06 CAPECITABINE ACCORD G Capecitabine - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 10,908,012 L.L
L01BC06 CAPECITABINE BIOGARAN G Capecitabine - 500mg 500mg Tablet, coated 12,123,049 L.L
G01AF02 CANAGYN G Clotrimazole - 500mg 500mg Tablet 302,365 L.L
L01BC06 CAPECITABINE GP PHARM G Capecitabine - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 8,869,508 L.L
L01BC06 CAPECITABINE NEAPOLIS G Capecitabine - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 11,222,829 L.L
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