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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L04AX04 LENOMA G Lenalidomide - 15mg 15mg Capsule, hard 15,241,884 L.L
S01XA20 LUBRI-TEARS G Carmellose sodium - 2mg Drops solution 792,867 L.L
L04AX04 LIDAMID 15 G Lenalidomide - 15mg 15mg Capsule 79,238,426 L.L
L04AX04 LEDOBOOK 25 G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule 67,887,540 L.L
L04AX04 LENALIDOMIDE NEAPOLIS G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule 76,719,234 L.L
C08CA01 LOTENSE G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 388,370 L.L
C09DB06 LOSANET AM G Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 10mg Tablet 1,044,358 L.L
L04AX04 LENALIDOMIDE OHRE PHARMA G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule 32,045,727 L.L
C08CA01 LOWRAC 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
C09DB06 LOSANET AM G Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 1,044,358 L.L
L04AX04 LENALIDOMIDE SPC G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule, hard 87,161,381 L.L
C08CA01 LUSTRA G Amlodipine - 5mg 5mg Tablet 485,127 L.L
L04AX04 LENALIDOMIDE STRAGEN G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule 32,045,727 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE ARROW LAB G Lamotrigine - 100mg 100mg Tablet, dispersible/ chewable 1,050,885 L.L
L04AX04 LENOMA G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule, hard 15,343,847 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE BIOGARAN G Lamotrigine - 100mg 100mg Tablet, dispersible 1,233,647 L.L
L04AX04 LIDAMID 25 G Lenalidomide - 25mg 25mg Capsule 87,161,381 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE NORMON G Lamotrigine - 100mg 100mg Tablet, dispersible/ chewable 2,284,532 L.L
N03AX09 LEPIGINE G Lamotrigine - 100mg 100mg Tablet, scored 1,163,768 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE ARROW LAB G Lamotrigine - 25mg 25mg Tablet, dispersible/ chewable 556,351 L.L
C09DX LOSANET AM PLUS G Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,044,358 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE BIOGARAN G Lamotrigine - 25mg 25mg Tablet, dispersible 595,322 L.L
C09DX LOSANET AM PLUS G Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,044,358 L.L
J05AF05 LAMIVUDINE ARROW G Lamivudine - 150mg 150mg Tablet, coated, scored 7,850,907 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE ARROW LAB G Lamotrigine - 50mg 50mg Tablet, dispersible/ chewable 1,052,229 L.L
J05AF05 LAMIVUDINE ARROW G Lamivudine - 300mg 300mg Tablet, coated 7,850,907 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE BIOGARAN G Lamotrigine - 50mg 50mg Tablet, dispersible 985,037 L.L
C09DX01 LOTEVAN PLUS G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 911,125 L.L
N03AX09 LAMOTRIGINE NORMON G Lamotrigine - 50mg 50mg Tablet, dispersible/ chewable 1,643,519 L.L
C09DX01 LOTEVAN PLUS G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 857,372 L.L
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