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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.3% G Sodium chloride - 0.3g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
A10BD15 DIAFLOZIN PLUS G Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg, Dapagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,241,710 L.L
A10BD15 DIVINUSMET XR G Dapagliflozin - 5mg, Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg Tablet, extended release 2,900,012 L.L
A10BD15 DIAFLOZIN PLUS G Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg, Dapagliflozin - 10mg Tablet, film coated 2,483,421 L.L
D07XA01 DAKTACORT B Hydrocortisone - 10mg/g, Miconazole nitrate - 20mg/g Cream 208,296 L.L
R03AL02 DUOLIN RESPULES G Salbutamol (sulfate) - 2.5mg/2.5ml, Ipratropium bromide (monohydrate) - 500mcg/2.5ml Inhaltion solution with nebuliser 417,935 L.L
D07XC01 DIPROSALIC B Salicylic acid - 30mg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g Ointment 352,087 L.L
J07CA11 DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS,PERTUSSIS, HEPATITIS B AND HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B CONJUGATE VACCINE B Diphteria Toxoid1 - ?25Lf (?30IU)/0.5ml, Tetanus toxoid1 - ?2.5Lf (?40IU)/0.5ml, Bordetella pertussis (Whole cell) - ?16OU (?4.0IU)/0.5ml, HBs Antigen (r DNA)1 - ?10mcg/0.5ml, H. Influenza type b, purified capsular polysaccharide2 - 10mcg/0.5ml, 1 adsorbed on aluminium phosphate, Al+++ - ?1.25mg , 2 conjugated to tetanos toxoid carrier protein - Injectable suspension 1,515,854 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.05% 0.05% Metered dose spray 155,886 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.05% 0.05% Metered dose spray 108,851 L.L
D07AC01 DIPROSONE B Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% Cream 291,614 L.L
D07AD01 DECLOBAN G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 302,045 L.L
D07AD01 DERMASONE G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 119,026 L.L
D07AD01 DECLOBAN G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Ointment 302,045 L.L
D07AD01 DERMOVATE B Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% w/w Cream 290,270 L.L
D07AD01 DERMOVATE B Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% w/w Ointment 290,270 L.L
D10AD03 DIFFERIN B Adapalene - 0.1g/100g 0.1% Cream 521,411 L.L
D10AD03 DIFADERM G Adapalene - 0.1% 0.1% Gel 414,671 L.L
D10AD03 DIFFERIN B Adapalene - 0.1g/100g 0.1% Gel 503,941 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1% 0.1% Metered dose spray 147,823 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1% 0.1% Drops 145,135 L.L
S01BC03 DICLOFTIL G Diclofenac sodium - 0.1% 0.1% Drops solution 1,038,790 L.L
L02AE04 DECAPEPTYL B Triptorelin - 0.1mg 0.1mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 2,366,507 L.L
D10AD03 DIFADERM G Adapalene - 0.3% 0.3% Gel 952,208 L.L
G04CB02 DUTASTERIDE ARROW LAB G Dutasteride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule 1,166,455 L.L
G04CB02 DUTASTERIDE BIOGARAN G Dutasteride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule, soft 1,112,702 L.L
H02AB02 DECADRON B Dexamethasone - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, scored 378,240 L.L
G02CB03 DOSTINEX B Cabergoline - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, scored 415,247 L.L
G02CB03 DOSTINEX B Cabergoline - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, scored 1,628,737 L.L
H02AB02 DECADRON B Dexamethasone - 0.5mg/5ml 0.5mg/5ml Elixir 449,227 L.L
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