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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Solution 1,377,439 L.L
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Solution 1,377,439 L.L
R01AB08 RINOFLUIMUCIL B Acetylcysteine - 1%, Tuaminoheptane sulfate - 0.5%, Benzalkonium chloride - 0.0125% Solution 419,279 L.L
C10AC01 RESINCOLESTIRAMINA G Cholestyramine - 4g 4g Powder for suspension 2,998,113 L.L
V03AE01 RESINCALCIO G Calcium Polystyrene Sulphonate - 99.75g/100g 99.75% w/w Powder for suspension 1,673,084 L.L
V03AE01 RESINSODIO G Sodium polystyrene sulphonate - 99.75g/100g 99.75g/100g Powder for suspension 1,534,668 L.L
J01DB05 ROXIL G Cefadroxil (monohydrate) - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Powder for suspension 459,594 L.L
M02AA31 ROXONIN TAPE B Loxoprofen Sodium Hydrate - 100mg 100mg Patch 896,343 L.L
M02AA31 ROXONIN TAPE B Loxoprofen Sodium Hydrate - 50mg 50mg Patch 710,893 L.L
C05AE01 RECTOGESIC G Glyceryl trinitrate - 0.2% w/w 0.2% w/w Ointment 2,553,301 L.L
D03AX RENEBO G ?-sitosterol - 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w Ointment 456,906 L.L
J07BH01 ROTASIIL, ROTAVIRUS VACCINE, LIVE ATTENUATED (ORAL LIQUID) BioTech Rotavirus bovine-human , live attenuated - Liquid 2,822,069 L.L
L04AB02 REMSIMA SC BioTech Infliximab - 120mg/ml 120mg/ml Injectable solution 91,457,321 L.L
L04AB02 REMSIMA SC BioTech Infliximab - 120mg/ml 120mg/ml Injectable solution 179,063,666 L.L
L04AB02 REMSIMA SC BioTech Infliximab - 120mg/ml 120mg/ml Injectable solution 52,597,003 L.L
L04AB02 REMSIMA SC BioTech Infliximab - 120mg/ml 120mg/ml Injectable solution 179,063,666 L.L
L04AB02 REMSIMA SC BioTech Infliximab - 120mg/ml 120mg/ml Injectable solution 91,457,321 L.L
L04AB02 REMSIMA SC BioTech Infliximab - 120mg/ml 120mg/ml Injectable solution 52,597,003 L.L
M03AC09 ROCUCELL G Rocuronium bromide - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Injectable solution 3,633,494 L.L
C10AX13 REPATHA BioTech Evolocumab - 140mg/1ml Injectable solution 44,151,793 L.L
H02AB02 RADOLINE G Dexamethasone sodium phosphate - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 3,711,565 L.L
A10AD06 RYZODEG BioTech Insulin degludec - 70%, Insulin aspart - 30% 100IU/ml Injectable solution 7,058,661 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 199,957 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 189,615 L.L
L03AB07 RECIGEN 44 BioTech Interferon beta-1a - 44mcg/0.5ml 44mcg/0.5ml Injectable solution L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 129,934 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 224,565 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 204,554 L.L
N01BB09 ROPIVACAINA MOLTENI G Ropivacaine HCl - 75mg/10ml 7.5mg/ml Injectable solution 2,332,911 L.L
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