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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
R06AB54 ALERGICAL EXPECTORANT B Chlorpheniramine maleate - 50mg/100ml, Guaifenesin - 2000mg/100ml, Dihydroxypropyltheophylline - 500mg/100ml, Paracetamol - 2000mg/100ml Syrup 485,127 L.L
R06AA52 AMYDRAMINE G Diphenhydramine HCl - 13.5mg/5ml, Sodium citrate - 57mg/5ml, Ammonium chloride - 131.5mg/5ml, Menthol - 1mg/5ml Syrup, sugar free 133,040 L.L
L01EB01 APO-GEFITINIB G Gefitinib - 250mg 250mg Tablet 87,345,820 L.L
L01EB02 APO-ERLOTINIB G Erlotinib (HCl) - 100mg 100mg Tablet 79,672,726 L.L
L01EB02 APO-ERLOTINIB G Erlotinib (HCl) - 150mg 150mg Tablet 91,523,229 L.L
A10BG03 ACTOS B Pioglitazone HCl - 30mg 30mg Tablet 2,484,765 L.L
A10BG03 ACTOS B Pioglitazone HCl - 15mg 15mg Tablet 1,243,054 L.L
C10AA05 APO-ATORVASTATIN G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,088,378 L.L
M01AE01 ADVIL B Ibuprofen - 200mg 200mg Tablet 321,178 L.L
C10AA05 ASCOVA G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,356,641 L.L
L02BX03 ABIRATERONE ACETATE NEAPOLIS G Abiraterone acetate - 250mg 250mg Tablet 75,418,662 L.L
L02BX03 ABLAX 250 G Abiraterone acetate - 250mg 250mg Tablet 45,056,853 L.L
L02BX03 ABREMIA G Abiraterone acetate - 250mg 250mg Tablet 77,478,802 L.L
N06AB05 APO-PAROXETINE G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,099,263 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVAKEY-20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 362,837 L.L
J01CR02 AMOCLAN G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 250mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 375mg Tablet 259,362 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVASTATIN PHARMADEX G Atorvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet 769,190 L.L
J01CR02 AUGMENTIN B Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 625mg Tablet 639,958 L.L
L02BX03 ABLAX 500 G Abiraterone acetate - 500mg 500mg Tablet 45,056,853 L.L
J01CR02 AMOCLAN FORTE G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 625mg Tablet 170,668 L.L
B01AF02 APO-APIXABAN G Apixaban - 5mg 5mg Tablet 3,084,119 L.L
C02LA51 ADELPHAN ESIDREX B Reserpine - 0.1mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 10mg, Dihydralazine - 10mg Tablet 371,157 L.L
J01CR02 AUGMENTIN B Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 739,202 L.L
J01CR02 AMOCLAN BID G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 456,906 L.L
J01CR02 ARDINECLAV G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 431,309 L.L
N02AB03 ABSTRAL B Fentanyl (citrate) - 200mcg 200mcg Tablet 5,261,143 L.L
R06AX13 APOTHECARE LORATADINE G Loratadine - 10mg 10mg Tablet 495,878 L.L
B01AF02 APO-APIXABAN G Apixaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 3,084,119 L.L
N02AB03 ABSTRAL B Fentanyl (citrate) - 100mcg 100mcg Tablet 3,419,743 L.L
G04BE08 APO-TADALAFIL G Tadalafil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,111,358 L.L
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