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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L01DB01 DOXO-CELL G Doxorubicin HCl - 50mg/25ml 50mg/25ml Injectable solution 1,794,030 L.L
L01XX35 ANAGRELIDE BIOGARAN G Anagrelide - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule 15,754,068 L.L
M01AB05 OLFEN-50 G Diclofenac sodium - 50mg 50mg Tablet, gastroresistant 248,611 L.L
M05BA08 SIMPLA G Zoledronic acid - 5mg/100ml 5mg/100ml Injectable solution 13,071,402 L.L
N03AX11 TOPIRATE 50 BENTA G Topiramate - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,407,835 L.L
P01AB01 METRONIDAZOLE PANPHARMA G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 1,624,706 L.L
R05DB21 PRIVITUSS G L-Cloperastine - 708mg/100ml 708mg/100ml Suspension 801,186 L.L
A04AA01 TRONDAMET G Ondansetron (HCl) - 4mg/2ml 4mg/2ml Injectable solution 2,027,858 L.L
B01AC04 CLOPIKEY G Clopidogrel (Bisulfate) - 75mg 75mg Tablet 748,520 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 153,990 L.L
C01CA03 EPINORD G Noradrenaline (tartrate) - 8mg/4ml 8mg/4ml Injectable solution 2,751,678 L.L
C09DX01 ANGIOSAR PLUS G Valsartan - 320mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,689,210 L.L
D06AA04 TETRACYCLINE OINTMENT G Tetracycline HCl - 3% 3% Ointment 107,507 L.L
J01AA02 GRANUDOXY G Doxycycline (monohydrate) - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film-scored 282,207 L.L
J05AF10 ENTRILIV G Entecavir - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 19,165,898 L.L
L01DB01 DOXORUBICINA TEDEC G Doxorubicin HCl - 50mg/25ml 50mg/25ml Injectable concentrate for solution 2,015,764 L.L
M01AB05 PRIMAFENAC G Diclofenac sodium - 50mg 50mg Tablet, enteric coated 223,974 L.L
N03AX11 TORAMAT G Topiramate - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,032,071 L.L
P01AB01 METRONOR G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 5,359,244 L.L
V03AB35 PLIBADEX G Sugammadex - 500mg/5ml 500mg/5ml Injectable solution 94,888,925 L.L
B01AC04 CLOTRIX 75 G Clopidogrel (hydrogenosulfate) - 75mg 75mg Tablet, film coated 1,109,630 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% G Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
C01CA03 NORADRENALINE NOREPINEPHRINE (tartrate) Aguettant G Norepinephrine tartrate - 2mg/ml 2mg/ml Injectable solution 1,896,162 L.L
C09DX01 VIOSTAN AM PLUS 320/10/25 G Valsartan - 320mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,881,380 L.L
G03DB08 DIENOSIS G Dienogest - 2mg 2mg Tablet 2,822,069 L.L
J01AA02 RETADOX G Doxycycline (hyclate) - 100mg 100mg Capsule 209,895 L.L
J01DH03 ERTANZ G Ertapenem - 1g 1g Injectable powder 2,521,049 L.L
J05AF10 HEPCAVIR 1 G Entecavir monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 18,998,515 L.L
L01DB01 DOXORUBICINE EBEWE G Doxorubicin HCl - 2mg/ml 50mg/25ml Injectable concentrated solution 1,804,780 L.L
M01AB05 REMETHAN G Diclofenac sodium - 50mg 50mg Tablet 196,201 L.L
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