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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
J01MA12 OXALEV G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 791,523 L.L
M01AH05 ETOXA G Etoricoxib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 431,309 L.L
R03BA02 BUDESONIDE ARROW G Budesonide - 0.5mg/2ml 0.5mg/2ml Inhalation suspension for nebuliser 1,342,499 L.L
S01BC03 DICLOFTIL G Diclofenac sodium - 0.1% 0.1% Drops solution 1,038,790 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 179,272 L.L
C03CA01 URO-CARE G Furosemide - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 1,630,081 L.L
C09CA03 VALSANET G Valsartan - 160mg 160mg Tablet, film coated 560,574 L.L
C10AA05 LIPONORM G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,491,665 L.L
D10AD01 A-RET G Tretinoin - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 335,961 L.L
G04BE08 DURALIS G Tadalafil - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,187,701 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUMAX G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 159,917 L.L
J01MA12 OXALEV G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 565,758 L.L
M01AH05 ETOXIB G Etoricoxib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 1,390,877 L.L
N06AX26 LYTIOX G Vortioxetine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 3,290,622 L.L
R03BA02 BUDESONIDE ARROW G Budesonide - 0.5mg/2ml 0.5mg/2ml Inhalation suspension for nebuliser 1,342,499 L.L
A06AG11 MINILAX G Sodium citrate (dihydrate) - 900mg/10ml, Sodium lauryl sulfate - 150mg/10ml, Glycerol - 1200mg/10ml, Sorbic acid - 10mg/10ml, Sorbitol - 9.96mg/10ml Solution 474,824 L.L
A10BH02 GLUNORM G Vildagliptin - 50mg 50mg Tablet 611,448 L.L
B01AF02 APO-APIXABAN G Apixaban - 5mg 5mg Tablet 3,084,119 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 191,913 L.L
C03CA01 FUROSEMIDE RENAUDIN G Furosemide - 250mg/25ml 250mg/25ml Injectable solution 1,791,342 L.L
C09CA03 VALSARTAN ARROW LAB G Valsartan - 160mg 160mg Tablet, film coated, breakable 473,033 L.L
C10AA05 LORVAST G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,253,805 L.L
D10AD01 AVOTIN-A G Tretinoin - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 440,780 L.L
G04BE08 TADALAFIL BIOGARAN G Tadalafil - 10mg 10mg Tablet, coated 1,397,596 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUROXIME – PANPHARMAPOUDRE POUR SOLUTION INJ. IM/IV G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 3,922,676 L.L
J01MA12 TAVAQUIN 500MG G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 787,492 L.L
L01AA09 BENDAMUSTINE HYDROCHLORIDE G Bendamustine HCl - 25mg/10ml 25mg/10ml Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 19,610,153 L.L
N02BE01 BBDOL-OR G Paracetamol - 120mg/5ml 120mg/5ml Syrup 188,138 L.L
R03BA02 BUDENA G Budesonide - 50mcg/actuation 50mcg/actuation Inhalation suspension 823,775 L.L
S01BC04 FLUROPTIC G Flurbiprofen sodium - 0.03% w/v 0.03% w/v Drops solution 223,078 L.L
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