Meningitis

Generalities
Agent	There are several agents causing meningitis. 1) Main Bacteria: - Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y. - Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection. - Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes. - Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups) - Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped - Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis… 2) Virus: - Mumps - Measles - West Nile virus: a Flavivirus - Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3) - Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae - Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus - Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus - Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group -Other virus: arboviruses… 3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period	varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility	varies with the agent
Reservoir	varies with the agent
Modes of transmission	varies with the agent
Clinical presentation	varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition	- MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis - MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis - MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b - MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms	- Meningitis reporting form - Meningitis investigation form
Data	- Weekly report

ATC	Name	B/G	Ingredients	Dosage	Form	Price
A03AX13	OVOL	B	Simethicone - 40mg/ml	40mg/ml	Drops	233,829 L.L
S01EE01	API-LOPROST	G	Latanoprost - 0.005%	0.005%	Drops	447,500 L.L
S01EE04	TRAVONORM	G	Travoprost - 0.004%	0.004%	Drops	564,414 L.L
A03CB01	RESTROPINAL PEDIATRIC	B	Butobarbital - 2mg/ml, Methyl hyoscine nitrate - 0.1mg/ml		Drops	197,097 L.L
S01XA18	DRYFREE	G	Ciclosporin - 0.05%	0.05%	Drops	2,257,655 L.L
S02AA15	CETRAXAL OTICO	G	Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops	821,088 L.L
S02AA30	OTOCOL	G	Chloramphenicol - 50mg/ml, Benzocaine - 50mg/ml		Drops	163,949 L.L
S02CA02	VIOCORTENE	B	Clioquinol - 10mg/ml, Flumetasone pivalate - 0.2mg/ml		Drops	568,253 L.L
S02DA01	OTIPAX	B	Lidocaine HCl - 1g/100g, Phenazone - 4g/100g		Drops	236,516 L.L
S03AA07	API-CIPROCIN	G	Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops	530,818 L.L
R05DB13	SINECOD	B	Butamirate dihydrogenocitrate - 5mg/ml	5mg/ml	Drops	287,582 L.L
R01AA07	DECOZAL	G	Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1%	0.1%	Drops	145,135 L.L
R01AA07	OTRIVIN	B	Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1%	0.1%	Drops	241,892 L.L
R01AA07	OTRIVIN MENTHOL 0.1%	B	Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1%	0.1%	Drops	387,027 L.L
R06AE07	ZYRTEC	B	Cetirizine (dihydrochloride) - 1%	1%	Drops	170,668 L.L
M01AC01	BRUXICAM	B	Piroxicam - 0.5%		Drops solution	530,818 L.L
S01AA12	TOBRASTILL	G	Tobramycin - 0.3%	0.3%	Drops solution	258,018 L.L
A11CC03	ONE-ALPHA	B	Alfacalcidol - 2mcg/ml	2mcg/ml	Drops solution	1,343,843 L.L
S01AA23	NETTACIN	B	Netilmicin - 0.3%	0.3%	Drops solution	681,328 L.L
S01AA26	AZYTER	G	Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 15mg/g	15mg/g	Drops solution	412,560 L.L
S01AE01	OFLOX	B	Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml	0.3%	Drops solution	366,869 L.L
S01AE01	OFLOX	B	Ofloxacin - 0.3%	0.3%	Drops solution	366,869 L.L
S01AE01	FLOXIGEN	G	Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops solution	358,806 L.L
S01AE03	CILOXAN	B	Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops solution	348,055 L.L
S01AE06	TYMER	G	Gatifloxacin (sesquihydrate) - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops solution	427,342 L.L
S01AE07	FORTYMOX	G	Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 0.5%	0.5%	Drops solution	772,709 L.L
S01AE07	MOXITEC	G	Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 5mg/ml	5mg/ml	Drops solution	464,970 L.L
S01AE07	VIGAMOX	G	Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 5mg/ml	5mg/ml	Drops solution	670,577 L.L
S01BA01	DEXAFREE	G	Dexamethasone Phosphate - 1mg/ml	1mg/ml	Drops solution	563,070 L.L
S01BA01	DEXAFREE	G	Dexamethasone Phosphate - 1mg/ml	1mg/ml	Drops solution	563,070 L.L