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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C05CX TANAKAN B Ginkgo biloba - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,662,333 L.L
C09CA08 OLMETEC B Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 920,532 L.L
J01XX08 ZYVOX IV B Linezolide - 600mg/300ml 600mg/300ml Injectable solution 4,414,523 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL SOFT GELATIN B Ciclosporin - 100mg 100mg Capsule, soft gelatin 8,264,592 L.L
N06DA03 EXELON TRANSDERMAL PATCH 15 B Rivastigmine - 13.3mg/24h 13.3mg/24h Patch 7,582,922 L.L
A07FA02 ULTRA LEVURE B Saccharomyces boulardii - 50mg 50mg Capsule 381,651 L.L
A11CC03 ONE-ALPHA B Alfacalcidol - 1mcg 1mcg Capsule 3,735,882 L.L
B02BX05 REVOLADE B Eltrombopag Olamine - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 67,227,846 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 1.36% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 13.6g/l 1.36% Injectable solution 1,163,270 L.L
C09CA08 VOTUM B Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,032,071 L.L
L04AD01 SANDIMMUN NEORAL B Ciclosporin - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Solution 8,264,592 L.L
A07FA02 ULTRA LEVURE B Saccharomyces boulardii - 200mg 200mg Capsule 513,348 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 CYCLER 1.36% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 13.6g/l Injectable solution 1,150,329 L.L
C09CA08 VOTUM B Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,032,071 L.L
L01BC02 EFUDIX B Fluorouracil - 5% 5% Cream 671,921 L.L
L04AD02 PROGRAF 1MG B Tacrolimus - 1mg 1mg Capsule 25,241,922 L.L
A07FA02 ULTRA LEVURE B Saccharomyces boulardii - 100mg 100mg Powder for suspension 536,193 L.L
A11CC03 ONE-ALPHA B Alfacalcidol - 0.25mcg 0.25mcg Capsule 1,138,235 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 2.27% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 22.7g/l Injectable solution 1,163,270 L.L
C05CX REPARIL B Aescine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, sugar coated 510,660 L.L
C10AA08 LIVAZO B Pitavastatin - 2mg 2mg Tablet, film coated 1,558,857 L.L
L04AD02 PROGRAF 1MG B Tacrolimus - 1mg 1mg Capsule 25,241,922 L.L
R03DC03 SINGULAIR PAEDIATRIC B Montelukast (sodium) - 4mg 4mg Granules 1,248,430 L.L
S01GA51 NAPHCON A B Naphazoline HCl - 0.025%, Pheniramine maleate - 0.3% Drops solution 369,557 L.L
A07FA51 INFLORAN B Bifidobacterium infantis - 1milliard, Lactobacillus acidophilus - 1milliard Capsule 647,732 L.L
A11CC03 ONE-ALPHA B Alfacalcidol - 0.5mcg 0.5mcg Capsule 943,377 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 CYCLER 2.27% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 22.7g/l Injectable solution 1,150,329 L.L
C09CA09 EDARBI B Azilsartan medoxomil - 40mg 40mg Tablet 1,846,440 L.L
J01XX08 ZYVOX B Linezolide - 600mg 600mg Tablet 35,584,461 L.L
N02BE51 HUMEXLIB PARACETAMOL CHLORPHENAMINE B Paracetamol - 500mg, Chlorphenamine maleate - 4mg Capsule 598,010 L.L
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