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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A10BD19 EMPAGLINE G Empagliflozin - 25mg, Linagliptin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 2,237,050 L.L
B05BC01 OSMITOL G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 579,064 L.L
C01EB17 IVABRADINE ARROW G Ivabradine (HCl) - 7.5mg 7.5mg Tablet, film coated, scored 1,323,685 L.L
C09BA01 CAPTACE PLUS G Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg, Captopril - 50mg Tablet, scored 1,028,487 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVASTATINE ARROW GENERIQUES G Atorvastatin - 10mg 10mg Tablet, coated 567,102 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFAS G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 971,598 L.L
J01CR02 VAAMOX IV G Amoxicillin - 1g, Clavulanic Acid - 200mg Injectable powder 2,150,148 L.L
J01FA10 ZETRON G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 250mg 250mg Capsule 360,150 L.L
L02BG04 APO-LETROZOLE G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 1,962,010 L.L
M01AB55 DIOXAFLEX B12 G Diclofenac sodium - 75mg, Betamethasone (sodium phosphate) - 2mg, Hydroxocobalamin sulphate - 10mg Injectable solution 620,855 L.L
N01BB52 DILOCAIN 2% G Lidocaine HCl - 20mg/1.7ml, Epinephrine (bitartrate) - 0.0125mg/1.7ml Injectable solution 2,768,316 L.L
N03AX14 LEVETIRACETAM ARROW G Levetiracetam - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Solution 1,639,488 L.L
R06AE07 FINALLERG G Cetirizine (dihydrochloride) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 342,680 L.L
V07AB01 WATER FOR INJECTION G Water for Injection - Water for injection, irrigation 2,032,899 L.L
A06AB07 COLON-X G Frangula Purshiana - 62.5mg, Plantago Afra - 100mg, Foeniculum Vulgare - 50mg, Zingiber Officinale - 50mg, Aniseed powder - 20mg, Glycyrrhiza Glabra - 12.5mg, Senna Alexandrina - 25mg Tablet, film coated 833,182 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 3,199,625 L.L
B05BC01 SERUFLEX MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 402,213 L.L
C10AA05 JOSWE ATORVAST 10 G Atorvastatin - 10mg 10mg Caplet, film coated 849,308 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFENACINE ARROW G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet 952,784 L.L
J01FA10 ZEVLEN G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 250mg 250mg Tablet, film coated 409,552 L.L
L02BG04 FEMAPLEX G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,583,046 L.L
M01AB55 PANCLO B12 G Diclofenac sodium - 75mg, Betamethasone disodium phosphate - 2mg, Hydroxocobalamin sulphate - 10mg Injectable solution 1,158,392 L.L
N01BB53 MEDICAINE 2% WITH ADRENALINE G Mepivacaine HCl - 36mg/1.8ml, Epinephrine (tartrate) - 0.032mg/1.8ml Injectable solution 1,652,926 L.L
N03AX14 LEVETRIMED G Levetiracetam - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Solution 1,336,163 L.L
V07AB01 WATER FOR INJECTION G Water for Injection - Water for injection, irrigation 4,365,735 L.L
B05BC01 SOLUFLEX MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 603,320 L.L
C09BA03 TENSIKEY COMPLEX G Lisinopril - 20mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 536,193 L.L
C10AA05 LIPODAR G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,323,685 L.L
G04BD08 URICARE G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,334,884 L.L
J01CR02 AMOCLAN G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 125mg/5ml, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 31.25mg/5ml 156mg/5ml Powder for suspension 159,917 L.L
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