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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
D10BA01 CURACNE G Isotretinoin - 10mg 10mg Capsule, soft gelatin 970,254 L.L
J01DC10 CEFPROZ 250 G Cefprozil - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Powder for suspension 1,343,843 L.L
J01MA14 QUINOMOX G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film coated 912,469 L.L
L01AX03 TEMOZOLOMIDE ACCORD G Temozolomide - 250mg 250mg Capsule, hard 13,397,927 L.L
N02BE01 ADOL G Paracetamol - 500mg 500mg Suppository 131,697 L.L
N05AB02 FLUPHENAZINE HCl G Fluphenazine (HCl) - 5mg 5mg Tablet, scored 624,567 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE BIOGARAN LP G Venlafaxine HCl - 37.5mg 37.5mg Capsule, prolonged release 538,881 L.L
S01AE01 FLOXEDOL G Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml 3mg/ml Gel 339,992 L.L
A02BC05 ESO TAD G Esomeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule, hard, gastro-resistant 299,677 L.L
A11CC05 EURO D HP 50.000 IU G Vitamin D3 - 50,000IU 50,000IU Capsule 1,432,536 L.L
B03AC IVIRON G Iron (sucrose) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable concentrated solution 1,745,203 L.L
C09CA08 OLMENOR G Olmesartan medoxomil - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 526,786 L.L
D10BA01 A-CNOTREN G Isotretinoin - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft gelatin 1,468,376 L.L
G04CA02 APO-TAMSULOSIN CR G Tamsulosin HCl - 0.4mg 0.4mg Tablet 607,417 L.L
J01DD01 CEFOTAX G Cefotaxime (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 217,702 L.L
L01AX03 TEMOZOLOMIDE GP PHARM G Temozolomide - 250mg 250mg Capsule, hard 12,058,004 L.L
M01AH05 ARTRIX 90 G Etoricoxib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 1,228,656 L.L
N02BE01 ALGIVIC G Paracetamol - 500mg 500mg Suppository 147,183 L.L
N05AB03 PERPHENAZINE G Perphenazine - 8mg 8mg Tablet, scored 624,567 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAX XR 37.5 G Venlafaxine - 37.5mg 37.5mg Capsule, extended release 383,955 L.L
S01AE02 NAFLOX G Norfloxacin - 3mg/ml 3mg/ml Drops 370,901 L.L
A02BC05 ESOCAP-UBSA G Esomeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule 511,940 L.L
A11CC05 HI DEE G Vitamin D3 - 50000IU 50000IU Capsule, soft gelatin 518,723 L.L
C10AA07 APO-ROSUVASTATIN G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 40mg 40mg Tablet 670,577 L.L
D10BA01 CONTRACNE ISOTRETINOINE G Isotretinoin - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft 1,521,230 L.L
G04CA02 MINGO G Tamsulosin - 0.4mg 0.4mg Capsule 673,201 L.L
J01DD01 CEFOTAXIME PANPHARMA G Cefotaxime (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable lyophilised powder for solution 6,127,922 L.L
J01MA14 MOFLOXINE G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg/250ml 400mg/250ml Injectable solution 1,638,144 L.L
M01AH05 CLINTON G Etoricoxib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 454,219 L.L
N02BE01 SULDEX A G Paracetamol - 600mg 600mg Suppository 200,936 L.L
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